绞股蓝
茎横切面 呈多角形,表皮由1列扁平的细胞组成,外壁角质增厚,着生单细胞和多细胞非腺毛,角隅处有厚角组织,由4-6列细胞组成;皮层内方有围绕于韧皮部外缘的半月形纤维柬,内方有9-10个大小不等的双韧维管束,放射排列;两韧皮射线间有石细胞群;髓部薄壁细胞内含有直径12-28mm的淀粉粒。
【化学成份】
1.地上部分主含达玛烷型(dammarane)四环三萜皂甙,计有:绞股蓝糖甙(gynosaponin)TN-1和TN-2;绞股蓝甙(gypenoside)I→LXXIX共79个,其中Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅷ、Ⅶ级结构和人参皂甙(gensenoside)-Rb1、Rb3、Rd、F2的相同;6-丙二酰基人参皂甙(6-malonylgensenoside)-Rb1和Rd,6-丙二酰基绞股蓝甙V(6-malonylgypenoside V)等。这些皂甙的甙元有:人参二醇(panaxadiol),2α-羟基人参二醇(2α-hydroxy-panaxadiol),(20R,25S)-12β,25-环氧-20,26-环达玛烷-3β-醇[(20R,25S)-12β,25-epoxy-20,26-cyclodammaran-3β-ol],(20R,25S)-12β,25-环氧-20,26-环达玛烷-2α,3β-二醇[(20R,25S)-12β, 25-epoxy-20,26-cyclodammaran-2α,3β-diol],绞股蓝甙元Ⅱ(gynogeninⅡ)即是(20R)-21,24-环-3β,25-二羟基-23(24)-达玛烯-21-酮[(20R)-21,24-cyclo-3β,25-dihydroxydammar-23(24)-en-21-one]。
2.最近,又得到4个新的达玛烷型皂甙,它们是:(20S)3β,20,23ζ-三羟基-24-达玛烯-21-酸-21,23-内酯-3-O-[β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基(1→2)-α-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖基]-20-O-β-D-吡喃鼠李糖甙[(20S)3β,20,23-trihydroxydammar-24-en-21-oic acid-21,23-lactone-3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl(1→2)-α-L-α-L-arabino-pyranosyl]-20-O-β-D-rhamnopyranoside]以及它的(20R)差向异构体(epimer),(20S)-23ζ-达玛烯-3β,20,25,26-四醇-3-O-[β-D-吡喃葡萄基-(l→2)-α-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖基]-20-O-β-D-吡喃鼠李糖基-26-O-吡喃葡萄糖甙[(20S)-dammar-23-ene-3β,20,25,26-tetraol-3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl]-20-O-β-D-rhamnopyranosyl-26-O-glucopyranoside],(20R)-25-达玛烯-3β,20,21,24ζ-四醇-3-O-[β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-(1→2)-α-L-]吡喃阿拉伯糖基]-21-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-24-O-吡喃鼠李糖甙[(20R)-dammar-25-en-3β,20,21,24-ζ-tetraol-3-O-[β-D-glucopy-ranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl]-21-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-24-O-rhamnopyranoside]。
3.还含甾醇类成分:5,24-葫芦二烯醇(cucurbita-5,24-dienol),24,24-二甲基-5α-胆甾-8-烯-3β-醇(24,24-dimethyl-5α-cholest-8-en-3β-ol),(24R)-5α-豆甾-7-烯-22-炔-3β-醇[(24R)-5α-stigmast-7-en-22-yn-3β-ol],24,24-二甲基-5α-胆甾-7-烯-22-炔-3β-醇(24,24-dimethyl-5α-cholest-7-en-22-yn-3β-ol),24,24-二甲基-5α-胆甾-7, 25-二烯-22-炔-3β-醇(24,24-dimethyl-5α-cholesta-7,25-dien-22-yn-3β-ol),菠菜甾醇(spi-nasterol),α-菠菜甾醇(α-spinasterol,chondrillaierol),24,24-二甲基-5α-胆甾-7-烯-3β-醇-(24,24-dimethyl-5α-cholest-7-en-3β-ol),(22E)-24,24-二甲基-5α-胆甾-7,22-二烯-3β-醇[(22E)-24,24-dimethyl-5α-cholesta-7,22-dien-3β-ol],24,24-二甲基-5α-胆甾-7,25-二烯-3β-醇(2
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